Breast cancer remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among women worldwide, affecting millions each year. As awareness increases, so does the importance of understanding the disease, its risk factors, screening methods, and treatment options.
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor that can be felt as a lump or detected via imaging tests. There are several types of breast cancer, with invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma being the most common. The cancer can spread to nearby lymph nodes and, in advanced stages, to other parts of the body.
Risk Factors
While the exact cause of breast cancer is not fully understood, several risk factors have been identified:
Gender: Women are significantly more likely to develop breast cancer than men.
Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 55.
Family History: Having a family history of breast cancer can elevate risk.
Genetic Mutations: Mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly increase susceptibility.
Hormonal Factors: Early menstruation, late menopause, and hormone replacement therapy can influence risk.
Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity are associated with higher risk.
Signs and Symptoms
Early detection is key to improving outcomes in breast cancer treatment. Common signs and symptoms include:
- A lump or mass in the breast or underarm area
- Changes in breast size or shape
- Dimpling or puckering of the skin
- Nipple discharge or inversion
- Redness or scaling of the breast or nipple skin
NOTE: Individuals must perform regular self-exams and report any unusual changes to their healthcare provider.
Why Is Breast Cancer Screening Important?
Screening aims to detect breast cancer before symptoms appear. Early-stage breast cancer is often more treatable and can lead to less aggressive treatment options. Statistics show that when breast cancer is caught in its early stages, the five-year survival rate is nearly 99%. Thus, regular screening plays a vital role in reducing mortality rates associated with this disease.
Recommended Screening Methods
Mammograms:
A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast made by using low doses of radiation to create an image. Doctors analyze these X-rays for masses or microcalcifications that may indicate the presence of breast cancer. Mammograms are used for diagnosis and screening to detect breast cancer early when it’s most easily treated.
When to Start: The American Cancer Society recommends that women with an average risk begin annual mammograms at age 45, while women aged 40 to 44 should have the option to start screening.
Frequency: Women aged 55 and older should switch to biennial screening, but they can continue annual mammograms based on personal choice and health considerations.
Clinical Breast Exams (CBE)
A CBE is a physical examination of the breasts performed by a healthcare professional.
Recommendation: While the frequency of CBEs can vary, women should discuss their risk factors and personal history with their provider, as it may warrant more frequent exams.
Breast Self-Exams (BSE):
What They Are: BSE involves individuals examining their own breasts for any changes, lumps, or abnormalities.
Recommendation: While the effectiveness of BSE as a standalone screening tool is debated, it can help individuals become familiar with their breasts and detect changes early.
Breast MRI:
What It Is: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a more advanced imaging technique that provides detailed images of breast tissue.
When to Use: Breast MRI is generally recommended for women at high risk of breast cancer, such as those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations or a strong family history of the disease.
Understanding Risk Factors
Certain factors may influence an individual’s breast cancer risk and screening recommendations:
Age: The risk of breast cancer increases with age.
Family History: A family history of breast cancer may necessitate earlier or more frequent screening.
Genetic Factors: Women with mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 are at a significantly higher risk and may require tailored screening strategies.
Personal Health History: A personal history of breast cancer or certain non-cancerous breast conditions can also affect screening schedules.
Barriers to Screening
Despite the clear benefits of screening, several barriers can hinder access:
Lack of Awareness: Some individuals may not be aware of the recommended guidelines or the importance of regular screenings.
Fear and Anxiety: Concerns about potential findings can deter people from getting screened.
Accessibility: Geographic location, financial constraints, and lack of health insurance can limit access to screening facilities.
Cultural Beliefs: Societal attitudes and beliefs about cancer can influence an individual’s decision to participate in screening.
What are the risks associated with breast cancer screening?
One of the most common questions women have about screening is: Are mammograms safe? Technical advances in mammography machines allow the use of low doses of radiation to yield high-quality images. The Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was developed to ensure that this radiation dose is as low as possible. Therefore, getting a mammogram is relatively safe. In fact, the ACS estimates that a woman receives less radiation from a mammogram of both breasts than the amount she receives from her natural surroundings (background radiation) over seven weeks. While your doctor may delay your mammogram if you are pregnant and at a low risk for breast cancer, there is no evidence to suggest that a mammogram is harmful to a fetus.
